WASHINGTON — Houses Speaker Nancy Pelosi vowed to have an energy and climate bill by the Fourth of July. And she hit the mark. But it wasn't easy.

Even hours before the House passed a historic bill that would for the first time put limits on climate-changing greenhouse gases, she and other Democrats were scrambling to corral holdout Democrats.

President Barack Obama was making phone calls to nail down the last votes.

"For some it was a very difficult vote," she acknowledged after the House passed the bill 219-212 with 44 Democratic defectors. Phone calls were coming into Congress in large volumes, many of them from constituents fearful of the bill's economic impact.

Republicans repeatedly in recent weeks characterized the bill as a massive energy tax and "jobs killer" that would force energy-intensive industries overseas and leave farmers facing higher energy costs. Democrats and Obama countered the limits on carbon dioxide would create millions of new "green" jobs and new industries to replace old ones tied to coal and other fossil fuels.

When the vote came in it was a triumph for Pelosi, who had made energy and climate change signature issues at the top of her priority list, and for Obama, who had pressed lawmakers privately and publicly in recent days to support the bill.

At the White House, Obama said the bill would create jobs, and added that with its vote, the House had put America on a path toward leading the way toward "creating a 21st century global economy."

Only eight Republicans broke ranks and voted for the bill.

But the legislation has a highly uncertain fate in the Senate, where Majority Leader Harry Reid said he was "hopeful that the Senate will be able to debate and pass bipartisan and comprehensive clean energy and climate legislation this fall."

On the House floor, Democrats hailed the legislation as historic, while Republicans said it would damage the economy without solving the nation's energy woes.

It is "the most important energy and environmental legislation in the history of our country," said Rep. Ed Markey of Massachusetts. "It sets a new course for our country, one that steers us away from foreign oil and towards a path of clean American energy."

But Rep. John Boehner, the House Republican leader, used an extraordinary one-hour speech shortly before the final vote to warn of unintended consequences in what he said was a "defining bill." He called it a "bureaucratic nightmare" that would cost jobs, depress real estate prices and put the government into parts of the economy where it now has no role.