Who's sufficiently Hawaiian?

WAIMANALO, Hawaii — In Hawaii, where blood and ancestry matter as in no other state, a legal challenge is posing this question: Who is sufficiently Hawaiian?

In Hawaii, ancestry is more than just a matter of ethnic pride. Under a program created by Congress in 1921, Native Hawaiians with strong bloodlines can get land for a home for $1 a year. Those with more mixed ancestry still receive many other benefits, including low-interest loans and admission for their children to the richly endowed and highly regarded Kamehameha Schools.

The help is designed to make amends for the 1893 U.S. overthrow of the Hawaiian kingdom, the annexation of the islands and the hundreds of thousands of deaths caused by foreign disease.

In a federal lawsuit filed in 2005, Native Hawaiians with at least 50 percent islander blood want exclusive control over state programs currently open to everyone with at least some Native Hawaiian blood.

In a separate dispute that could also be headed for court, state residents with no Native Hawaiian ancestry are questioning why they can't join a Hawaiians-only voter registry.

The two cases are just the latest in a string of challenges over the special treatment accorded Native Hawaiians.

About 400,000 people claim Native Hawaiian ancestry nationwide, two-thirds of them in the Hawaiian islands, making them a minority in a state of 1.2 million. Roughly 60,000 of those who consider themselves Hawaiian claim at least half Hawaiian blood.

Proving Native Hawaiian ancestry is a big deal. Without it, you can be born in the islands but can never call yourself Hawaiian.

No blood or DNA test exists to determine who is or isn't Hawaiian. Instead, people have to prove their ethnicity through birth certificates, marriage licenses, census records, family trees or newspaper obituaries.

The state Office of Hawaiian Affairs spends millions each year on programs to benefit Native Hawaiians, promoting the Hawaiian language and pushing for federal recognition of Hawaiians. Most of the money comes from revenue generated by leasing out to farmers, developers and harbor users land that once belonged to the Hawaiian kingdom.

In the federal lawsuit, people with at least 50 percent Hawaiian blood contend that the money derived from their ancestors' land should be spent only on them.

"These are the closest relatives to the people whose lands were taken from them unjustly," said their attorney, Walter Schoettle. He added: "If you're less than 50 percent Hawaiian, you're more something else."