Founders wrestled with Thanksgiving

President George Washington proclaimed America's first national day of prayer and thanksgiving in 1789, President Abraham Lincoln fixed the annual November Thanksgiving Day during the Civil War, and President Bush continues the tradition.

America's Founders, however, didn't agree on the idea.

President John Adams twice proclaimed national "fast days" but later thought he lost his bid for re-election in 1800 because those national observances were considered a Presbyterian project and thus resented by other denominations.

President Thomas Jefferson believed the states should decide whether to proclaim thanksgiving days, because they exercised all powers not granted the federal government by the Constitution, which also barred a national "establishment of religion."

It was "certainly proper" for the states to designate days to thank God "for any signal blessing" or seek divine aid "in any public calamity," said John Jay, the first chief justice of the United States.

Alexander Hamilton and James Madison were the principal authors of "The Federalist Papers," which interpreted America's new Constitution. Hamilton said in 1797 that "a day of humiliation and prayer, besides being very proper, would be extremely useful" in contrasting America's piety with the atheism of France, then its enemy. But Madison thought national prayer proclamations created "scandal" for religion by associating it with political animosities.

These thanksgiving thoughts appear in "The Founders on Religion" (Princeton University Press), a collection of quotations by 17 Revolutionary War leaders on 76 topics.

James H. Hutson, longtime chief of the Library of Congress manuscript division, said he edited the book to counter some conservatives' misleading citations of the Founders.

Not that Hutson found them to be irreligious. All were immersed in the Bible and pondered religious questions, and many were notably orthodox.

Others invoked an undefined "Providence" or were liberals or skeptics. Benjamin Franklin, though never active in church as an adult, held a sincere, self-made faith. Jefferson rejected conventional creeds but regularly attended worship in the U.S. House chamber and revered Jesus while rejecting his divinity.

Whatever their theologies, the Founders agreed that only God (or that capitalized "Providence") could have made possible their new nation and that, as Adams put it, "religion and virtue are the only foundations" for democracy.