Job-hopping rising in Japan

TOKYO — A generation ago, Makoto Baba would have been just another job-hopping loser. But the 26-year-old aspiring musician represents a new breed of Japanese who are defying past standards of success by working temporary jobs to finance their dreams — becoming a dancer, poet or even a farmer.

The ranks of such "freeters" — a combination of the English "free" and "arbeiter," the German word for "worker" — have ballooned in recent years, surpassing 4 million, more than double the number in 1990, according to Japanese government research.

But fears are growing among business and government leaders that an apparently unmotivated generation may fail to acquire the skills needed to keep the country globally competitive.

Like Baba, whose first love is traditional taiko drums, freeters symbolize a changing Japan where younger people are more assertive and seek out spiritual fulfillment rather than the material comforts and social status sought by their parents and grandparents.

Japan's changing business climate also has contributed to the number of freeters. Demand for cheaper, part-time workers is increasing as companies try to stay globally competitive and cut back on hiring full-fledged employees with generous benefit packages.

The growing income gap emerging between freeters and those with stable jobs is exacerbating the relatively new divisions in a society where nearly everyone was considered middle-class just a decade or two ago.

Most freeters make about $18,000 a year, experts estimate, while the average annual income for a full-time employee is roughly $63,000.

During decades of modernization after World War II, freeters didn't even exist as a category, with unemployment at stunning 2 percent levels. Jobless rates have recently hovered at mid-4 percent levels — high by Japanese standards.

At one time, the Japanese dream was to land a job at a respectable corporation that promised lifetime employment. That myth was shattered by the burst of the speculative bubble economy in the late 1980s, when big-name companies announced massive layoffs to cut costs and stay afloat.

Still, Baba, a graduate of the prestigious Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, was a prime candidate for an elite job, even in post-bubble Japan.

Instead, he has tutored students, fielded telephone calls, helped families move and swept rooftops — all to earn a living so that he can pursue his dream: performing as a taiko drummer with a professional band called Amanojaku.

The band does pay him some, but not enough to cover his rent.