The way of the Samurai

To be a samurai was to lose yourself in the service of your master. The word samurai itself means "one who serves." In battle, the samurai were known for absolute loyalty and courage, even in the face of impossible odds.

To the samurai, "bushido" (the code of the warrior) put honor and loyalty before wealth, life and family.

Tom Cruise's new movie "The Last Samurai," opening in theaters today, offers a glimpse into the samurai lifestyle in 1868, the beginning of Japan's modern era. The movie depicts the end of the old feudal culture that brought about the samurai in the 12th century and the birth of modern Japan.

"If you think of saving your life you had better not go to war at all." — samurai quote

"When the stomach is empty it is a disgrace to feel hungry." — samurai quote

Training

A young samurai would not only be trained in martial arts (archery, fencing and jujitsu) but also caligraphy, ethics, history and literature. Physical hardship was thought to build character. It was not unusual for apprentices to be taken on extended marches through the snow, barefoot. Improving fighting skills was a constant project. A samurai would apprentice himself to a number of masters of different fighting techniques to sharpen his skills. A samurai was taught to be continuously vigilant and ready to fight. Samurai would burn incense in their helmets so their heads would smell sweet if decapitated.

Fighting

The samurai style of fighting employed flexible fluid movements over brute force (jujitsu). Fencing techniques evolved into modern-day kendo.

Rules of engagement

(single combat)

Before engaging an enemy, a samurai would recite his name, ancestry and deeds of heroism. Upon defeating an opponent, he might compliment him on his bravery before decapitating him. Heads were often taken as battle trophies.

5 percent of the Japanese population were samurai.

The privileges of the samurai were revoked in 1871.

Clothing

Kamishimo: A two-piece garment worn over the kimono when traveling or in bad weather.

Kimono: Typically made of silk. A piece of cloth 2 feet by 20 feet was required to make one garment.

Mon: Japanese family crest.

Shaved forehead: Made wearing helmet more comfortable.

Clean shaven: Facial hair common before Edo Period (1603-1867).

Top knot: Well-oiled hair.

Footwear

Waraii: Sandal made of straw and hemp.

Geta: Wooden clog (associated more with peasants).

Armor

Samurai armor was constructed of lacquered iron woven together with silk cord. Its construction made it lighter (only 25 pounds) and tougher than the European chain mail. These factors made it easy to repair and store. A cotton loin cloth, a kimono and loose- fitting pantaloons were worn beneath the armor.