In a discovery that could radically change how the world fights influenza, researchers have engineered antibodies that protect against many strains, including the 1918 Spanish flu and the H5N1 bird flu.

The discovery, experts said, could lead to the development of a flu vaccine that would not have to be changed yearly. And the antibodies already developed can be injected as a treatment, going after the virus in ways that drugs like Tamiflu do not. Clinical trials to prove that the antibodies are safe in humans could begin within three years, a researcher estimated.

"This is a really good study," said Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, who was not part of the study. "It's not yet at the point of practicality, but the concept is really quite interesting."

The work is so promising that Fauci's institute will offer the researchers grants and access to its ferrets, which can catch human flu.

The study, done by researchers from Harvard Medical School, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Burnham Institute for Medical Research, was published Sunday in the journal Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.

In an accompanying editorial, Dr. Peter Palese, a leading flu researcher from Mount Sinai Medical School, said the researchers had apparently found "a viral Achilles heel."

Dr. Anne Moscona, a flu specialist at Cornell University's medical school, called it "a big advance in itself, and one that shows what's possible for other rapidly evolving pathogens."

But Henry L. Niman, a biochemist who tracks flu mutations, was skeptical, arguing that human immune systems would have long ago eliminated flu if the virus were as vulnerable in one spot as this discovery suggested. Also, Niman noted, protecting the mice in the study took huge doses of antibodies, which today are expensive and cumbersome to infuse.

One team leader, Dr. Wayne A. Marasco of Harvard, said the team began by screening a library of 27 billion antibodies he had created, looking for ones that target the hemagglutinin "spikes" on the shells of flu viruses.

Normally produced by white blood cells, antibodies are proteins that attach to invaders, either neutralizing them by clumping on, or tagging them so that white cells can find and engulf them. Today, they can be built in the laboratory and then "farmed" in plants, driving prices down, Marasco said.

The flu virus uses the lollipop-shaped hemagglutinin spike to invade nose and lung cells. There are 16 known types of spikes, H1 through H16.